You are now getting into the realm of data recovery which can end up being expensive if you do not have the necessary skill to do it yourself.
If, as you suspect, the files have been deleted and you have not tried to write anything to the disk then there is a good chance that most, if not all, of your files can be recovered. How you go about that depends on the value, to you, of those files.
The easiest, and possibly the most expensive, way is to take the disk to a data recovery specialist, give them the information they ask for and you will most probably get all your files back.
The next best approach is to find someone that knows what they are doing with the linux operating system and see if they are prepared to help you recover your files. Again, unless something very odd has happened to the disk you stand a good chance of getting all your files back.
If/when you get your files back you should setup a backup procedure using either an external disk or a second internal disk (not setup as RAID), that will backup your personal data on a regular schedule.