As luck would have it, I now own a brand new MacBook Pro (model 4,1) and I use Boot Camp to switch back and forth between Mac OS X ("Leopard" v10.5.2) and Windows XP (SP2). I checked the router status from within both operating systems and:
Running Mac OS X...IP Address (Name), Mode, Rate, Signal (%)
192.168.0.2 (Jekyll), 11ng, 130, 100
192.168.0.4 (iPod), 11g, 54, 100
Running Windows XP...IP Address (Name), Mode, Rate, Signal (%)
192.168.0.3 (Hyde), 11ng, 270, 100
192.168.0.4 (iPod), 11g, 54, 100
IP addresses .2 and .3 are the same machine (i.e. my MacBook Pro). I simply reserved separate IP addresses in my D-Link router for my Mac OS and Windows XP partitions. IP address .4 is my iPod Touch, which is shown here just to provide some sort of constant when comparing info.
So, yeah, seems obvious that the Mac OS is limiting the speed for some reason I probably wouldn't understand even if it was explained to me using very small words.

A small glimmer of possible hope is that Apple just released a huge OS update. The new 10.5.3 does contain Airport-related connection fixes, so perhaps they've removed this speed inhibitor (admittedly my hopes are not high). Anyone who has applied this update care to let us know the effect (if any) on this issue?
Update: I went ahead and applied the 10.5.3 update to Mac OS X. Router status still reports the same speed discrepancy between the two operating systems. No change. No clue as to the cause either. Not my area of expertise, I'm afraid. Far as I'm concerned, most of this stuff works because of tiny wizards living inside. Cruel wizards that don't like me.