I'm here

(though shortly this Friday...hectic week)
Brian, for starters (1.) could you please include the IP ranges in the diagram, and report how the config is set on this page of the router configuration pages: Setup -> Network Settings.
Do you have any special adjustments made to your WHS? Just curious...
2. Please give the output that you get (" Ping ressolves all host names on internal lan to an external ip") on your screen
3. Concerning your other issues (2&3)Do you have multiple DHCP on your LAN/is the modem bridged?
Q:Do you have Ipv6 enabled on you machines? When I ping a hostname from my Vista client, by default (PING <hostname> I will get an IPv6 response. Only when I enter the PING -4 command (followed by the hostname) I will get an IPv4 respons. XP machines do not have IPv6 installed by default and Vista does. So does the ping issue also occur on Vista-2-Vista?